Anu ziggurat and White Temple at Uruk. Main article: Ziggurat. Main article: Egyptian pyramids. Main article: Nubian pyramids.

Main article: Greek pyramids. Main article: Chinese pyramids. Main article: Mesoamerican pyramids. Main article: Pyramid of Cestius. Stockport Pyramid in Stockport , United Kingdom.

Karlsruhe Pyramid , Germany. Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill, , p. Uruk: First City of the Ancient World.

Getty Publications. Ancient Science Prehistory — A. The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 11 December Mark Lehner National Geographic.

Archived from the original on Retrieved The New York Times. Oxford University Press. They Built the Pyramids.

Geopolymer Institute. Fodor's Egypt, 4th Edition. Random House Digital, Inc. BBC News. S Among the Ibos of Nigeria, Psychology Press: p.

In Garrett G. Fagan ed. Natural History , April Blitz2 Journal of Archaeological Research. Smithsonian Institution. Parmalee September Florida Anthropologist.

Aegyptiaca 2 : — Retrieved 17 June Anom; Sri Sugiyanti; Hadniwati Hasibuan Maulana Ibrahim; Samidi eds. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.

Sendratari mahakarya Borobudur in Indonesian. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. Soekmono Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 in Indonesian.

Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved 18 June Mathematics and art. Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura. Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry.

Prehistoric technology. Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear-thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen spears.

Game drive system Buffalo jump. Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Well. Arts and culture. All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which, as the site of the setting sun , was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology.

In , Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids — now known as the Lepsius list of pyramids — in which he counted A great many more have since been discovered.

As of November , Egyptian pyramids have been identified. It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands.

If visible at all, they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a consequence, archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures.

The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Sesheshet at Saqqara , mother of the Sixth Dynasty pharaoh Teti , announced on 11 November All of Egypt's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid at Zawyet el-Maiyitin , are sited on the west bank of the Nile , and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields.

The most important of these are listed geographically, from north to south, below. Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt's most northerly pyramid other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one , [5] the mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre , son and successor of Khufu.

Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure , which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt.

Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying, which began in Roman times, has left little apart from about fifteen courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core.

A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation. The Giza Plateau is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu also known as the "Great Pyramid" and the "Pyramid of Cheops" , the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre or Chephren , the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure or Mykerinus , along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids", and the Great Sphinx of Giza.

Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction — it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume.

The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity and was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence. This site, halfway between Giza and Abusir , is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids.

The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka , while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid , may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba , a close successor of Sekhemkhet.

If this attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid.

There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abusir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty — perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy.

They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low-quality local limestone. The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre , which is also the best preserved, Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure.

The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre. Most of the major pyramids at Abusir were built using similar construction techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mudbricks with a limestone outer casing.

Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser — generally identified as the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone — the Pyramid of Userkaf , the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare , dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.

Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas , which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset , a son of Ramesses II.

Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's. Most of these are in a poor state of preservation.

The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in, or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors.

His tomb, which is also sited at south Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex.

A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north Saqqara in late This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles.

The southern Pyramid of Sneferu , commonly known as the Bent Pyramid , is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a "true" smooth-sided pyramid from the outset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state, but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone.

As a true smooth-sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success — albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact.

As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look. Several kilometres to the north of the Bent Pyramid is the last — and most successful — of the three pyramids constructed during the reign of Sneferu; the Red Pyramid is the world's first successfully completed smooth-sided pyramid.

The structure is also the third largest pyramid in Egypt, after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza.

Also at Dahshur is one of two pyramids built by Amenemhat III , known as the Black Pyramid , as well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids.

Located to the south of Dahshur, several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area in the late Middle Kingdom , perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu.

Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht: those of Amenemhat I and his son, Senusret I. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids.

One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat's cousin, Khaba II. The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu , and is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh's father and predecessor, Huni.

However, that attribution is uncertain, as no record of Huni's name has been found at the site. It was constructed as a step pyramid and then later converted into the first "true" smooth-sided pyramid, when the steps were filled in and an outer casing added.

The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times. Medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps, although today only the three uppermost of these remain, giving the structure its odd, tower-like appearance.

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Login or Register. Save Word. Illustration of pyramid Noun pyramid 2 In the meaning defined above.

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